نوع مقاله : ترویجی
نویسنده
دانشیار، گروه فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی، دانشگاه علوم اسلامی رضوی، مشهد، ایران.
چکیده
از دیرباز، دفاع از جان، آیین و میهن از موضوعات کلیدی برای انسان‌ها بوده و آنان از ابزارهای گوناگون برای مقابله با دشمن و بازدارندگی از حمله و تجاوز بهره جسته‌اند که امروزه «قدرت بازدارنده» نامیده می‌شود. قرآن کریم نیز در آیه ۶۰ سوره انفال، مؤمنان را به تهیه هر آنچه بازدارندگی در برابر دشمنان ایجاد کند، امر نموده است. عموم این آیه شامل تمام ابزارهای بازدارنده نظامی و غیرنظامی است و محدودیتی ذاتی ندارد. از سوی دیگر، امام خامنه‌ای (رهبر شهید) فتوای حرمت ساخت سلاح هسته‌ای صادر کرده‌اند. سؤال اصلی این است که رابطه این دو چیست و آیا این فتوا حکم اولی ثابت و غیرقابل تغییر (مخصص عموم آیه) است یا حکم ثانویه و قابل تغییر؟این مقاله به شیوه کیفی و مبتی بر تحلیل محتوای کیفی متون فقهی و بیانات رهبر شهید و بر اساس مفاد آیه شریفه و قرائن موجود در بیانات رهبری، مانند لغوبودن یا ضررداشتن سلاح هسته‌ای برای ایران، یا اسراف و تبذیر بودن ساخت آن به‌دلیل حرمت استفاده از آن، رابطه فتوای حرمت ساخت سلاح هسته‌ای با عموم آیه ۶۰ انفال و تبیین ماهیت آن به‌عنوان حکم اولی یا ثانویه را بررسی نموده و به این نتیجه دست یافته است که این فتوا حکم ثانویه و ناشی از عارض شدن عناوین ثانویه (مانند لغویت،ضرر، و تبذیر) بوده و در صورت تبدیل این عناوین، امکان تغییر فتوای حرمت به جواز وجود دارد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
"The Relationship between Nuclear Weapons, production and the Verse” وَ أَعِدُّوا لَهُمْ مَا اسْتَطَعْتُمْ مِنْ قُوَّةٍ “: A Study on the Possibility of Jurisprudential Reconsideration"
نویسنده [English]
- Mohammad Imami
Associate professor, Department of Jurisprudence and fundamentals of Islamic Law, Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده [English]
Since ancient times, the defense of life, religion, and homeland has been a key issue for humanity, and they have utilized various tools to deter aggression and invasion, which is today termed "deterrent power." The Holy Quran, in Verse 60 of Surah Al-Anfal, has commanded the believers to prepare whatever creates deterrence against enemies. The generality of the word “ مِنْ قُوَّةٍ” (from strength), encompasses all military and non-military deterrent tools and has no limitation. On the other hand, Imam Khamenei (the Martyred Leader) has issued a fatwa prohibiting the construction of nuclear weapons. The main question is whether this fatwa is a fixed, unchangeable primary ruling or a secondary ruling that is changeable? This article, through qualitative content analysis of the provisions of the noble verse and the indications present in the Leader's statements—such as the invalidity or harm of nuclear weapons for Iran, or the extravagance in their construction due to the prohibition of their use—has examined the relationship between the fatwa of prohibiting the construction of nuclear weapons and the generality of Verse 60 of Sūrat al-Anfāl. The study concludes that this fatwa is a secondary ruling resulting from the occurrence of secondary titles (such as invalidity, harm, and waste), and if these titles change, there is a possibility of changing the fatwa.
Detailed Abstract
Introduction
Defense of life, religion, and homeland has long been a fundamental concern of human societies, and people have employed various means to deter aggression and repel enemies. The Holy Qurʾān, in verse 60 of Sūrat alAnfāl, commands the believers to prepare whatever creates deterrence against enemies, using the phrase "min quwwah" (from strength)—a general, indefinite term encompassing all military and nonmilitary deterrent tools without inherent limitation. On the other hand, Imam Khameneʾī (the martyred leader) issued a fatwā prohibiting the construction of nuclear weapons. This raises the central question: is this fatwā a fixed, unalterable primary ruling that specifies the general verse, or is it a secondary, changeable ruling arising from the occurrence of secondary titles (such as futility, harm, and waste)? While some previous studies (e.g., ʿAlīDūst, 2013; Fāḍil Lankarānī, 2013; Sulaymānī et al., 2021) have emphasized the fixed and primary nature of this fatwā, the present article, by distinguishing between the "use" and the "construction" of nuclear weapons and by closely analyzing the Leader's statements, offers a novel approach to explaining the jurisprudential nature of this fatwā.
Methodology
This research employs a qualitative approach using qualitative content analysis. The research population includes verses of the Holy Qurʾān (particularly verse 60 of Sūrat alAnfāl), related ḥadīths, the official statements and messages of Imam Khameneʾī regarding nuclear weapons, and the opinions of Imāmī jurists in authoritative jurisprudential and legal theory (uṣūl) works. Sampling was conducted purposively based on theoretical saturation. Data were collected through library research, referring to authoritative exegeses (e.g., alMīzān, Tafsīri Namūnah, Majmaʿ alBayān), ḥadīth collections (e.g., Wasāʾil alShīʿa, alKāfī), uṣūl sources (e.g., Kifāyat alUṣūl, Uṣūl alFiqh alMuqāran), and the Leader's statements from his official website. Data analysis was carried out in four steps: (1) identifying and extracting the implications of verse 60 of Sūrat alAnfāl and its scope, (2) categorizing the Leader's statements according to "use" and "construction" of nuclear weapons, (3) identifying the secondary titles inferred from the statements (futility, harm, waste), and (4) analyzing the nature of the fatwā prohibiting construction as a primary or secondary ruling, using uṣūlī principles (such as the prohibition of the means to a prohibited act, conflict of obligations, and the rule of tatarrus).
Findings
The findings indicate a fundamental distinction between the "use" and the "construction" of nuclear weapons. In the Leader's statements, the prohibition of using nuclear weapons is presented as a primary, fixed, and permanent ruling (based on scriptural evidence). However, regarding construction, only in one instance (meeting with eulogists, 9 April 2015) is a prohibition mentioned, and even that is grounded in rational judgment and based on secondary titles such as "futility," "harm," and "waste." An examination of the scope of verse 60 of Sūrat alAnfāl shows that, due to its temporal universality, personal universality (addressing all Muslims), and generic universality (the term "quwwah" encompassing all military and nonmilitary tools), in normal circumstances it indicates permission and even necessity of preparing modern weapons for deterrence. Furthermore, uṣūlī analysis reveals that the prohibition of the means (construction) based on the rule of "the means to a prohibited act is prohibited" is disputed among prominent Imāmī uṣūlīs, and the prohibition of construction is of the directive (irshādī) type, subject to rational criteria that may change with changes in subject and circumstances. Evidence such as the conditioning of nonconstruction on other countries' commitments, the incidental nature of the titles of futility, harm, and waste, and the grounding of the legal prohibition on rational judgment, all support the secondary nature of this fatwā. Finally, the possibility of fatwā modification is explored in scenarios such as the use of tactical nuclear weapons (with limited destructive radius), use in uninhabited deserts, or the occurrence of emergency situations caused by the enemy's nuclear threat, drawing on the rules of tatarrus and tazāḥum (conflict of obligations).
Conclusion
The findings indicate that the fatwā prohibiting the construction of nuclear weapons, in the view of Imam Khameneʾī, is a secondary ruling arising from the occurrence of secondary titles such as futility, harm, and waste, and if these titles cease to exist, its modification to permissibility is possible. Under such circumstances, the general implications of verse 60 of Sūrat alAnfāl and other encouraging evidence regarding the preparation of modern weapons for deterrence would serve as the basis for jurisprudential deduction. This article can be considered a step toward reexamining the analysis of the nuclear fatwā, redefining its jurisprudential nature, and providing grounds for reconsidering the nuclear doctrine of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Acknowledgements
The author expresses his gratitude to the reviewers of the article for their constructive comments.
Ethical Considerations
The authors have avoided data fabrication, distortion, plagiarism, and any form of research misconduct.
Funding
The authors received no specific financial support from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or notforprofit sectors.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Declaration on the Use of AI Tools
In writing this article, the authors used artificial intelligence tools (such as deepseek) to refine abstracts and Bibliography. He has reviewed and edited the generated content and takes full responsibility for the published work.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Nuclear Fatwa
- Construction of Nuclear Weapons
- Deterrence
- Secondary Title
- Strength
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