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The Historical Evolution of the Concept of "ʿAyn Allāh" in the Views of Early and Contemporary Exegetes: A Statistical-Analytical Study of Exegetical Data

Document Type : Original

Authors

1 Professor, Department of Quranic and Hadith Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Quranic and Hadith Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.

3 MA Graduate in Quranic and Hadith Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.

Abstract

One of the most challenging issues in the interpretation of the Holy Quran is understanding the verses on divine attributes, especially expressions whose apparent meaning suggests corporeal characteristics of God. The concept of "ʿayn" (eye) is among such cases, appearing in several verses and raising the possibility of a literal, corporeal interpretation. This research aims to analyze exegetical views on "ʿAyn Allāh" (the Eye of God), examine the evolution of these interpretations, and explain the role of theological tendencies in their formation. The research method is descriptive-analytical with a comparative approach. Using library sources, the views of Shia and Sunni exegetes are classified into three categories: literalist, interpretive (taʾwīlī), and referential (miṣdāqī), and are analyzed accordingly. Tables and charts are also used to illustrate the trends of evolution. The findings show that exegetical tendencies have played a decisive role in shaping the exegetes' understandings of these verses. In the early period, the diversity of meanings—especially in the form of interpretations such as "before our sight", "under our protection", and "within our knowledge"—is remarkable, and in both Shia and Sunni traditions, the effort to avoid affirming a corporeal meaning is evident. Exegetes of this period, depending on their narrative, theological, literary, or mystical tendencies, offered different and sometimes multiple meanings. In contrast, the contemporary period is characterized by a reduction in semantic diversity and a focus on the meaning "under our protection", which is more common in exegeses with social, jurisprudential, literary, and educational tendencies. This interpretive convergence reflects the exegetes' efforts to explain Quranic concepts within the framework of modern religious thought and the intellectual needs of the contemporary era.

Keywords

Main Subjects

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Quranic Doctrines
Volume 23, Issue 43 - Serial Number 43
June 2026
Pages 157-200
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History
  • Receive Date: 25 July 2025
  • Revise Date: 08 December 2025
  • Accept Date: 24 February 2026
  • Publish Date: 22 June 2026
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