A Critical Re-examination of Contemporary Quranic Scholars’ View on the Non-Ijtihādī Nature of Shiʿi Narrative Exegeses

Document Type : Original

Authors

1 PhD Graduate in Quranic and Hadith Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Quranic and Hadith Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Most authors in the field of Shiʿi exegetical methods and trends have classified narrative (riwāyī) exegeses as non-ijtihādī, viewing them as mere compilations of traditions that directly address the wording of Quranic verses, assembled without any authorial reasoning or intellectual engagement. This article challenges and refutes this view, arguing that the authors of Shiʿi narrative exegeses, like other interpreters, exercised ijtihād in their quest to understand the verses. They applied their intellectual judgment through the deliberate selection, organization, and prioritization of sources and narrations, thereby expressing their own exegetical stances. The most effective method to demonstrate this is a comparative analysis of these exegeses, focusing on their points of divergence—differences that reveal the distinct perspectives and concerns of their authors. A comparative study of early and later Shiʿi exegeses—namely Tafsīr al-Qummī (attributed to ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm al-Qummī), Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, Tafsīr Furāt al-Kūfī (all from the late 3rd/early 4th century AH), al-Ṣāfī by Fayḍ al-Kāshānī (d. 1091 AH), al-Burhān by Sayyid Hāshim al-Baḥrānī (d. 1107 AH), and Nūr al-Thaqalayn by ʿAbd ʿAlī al-Ḥuwayzī (d. 1112 AH)—in the domains of jurisprudence, theology, and Quranic sciences reveals significant divergence on eleven fundamental issues. These include: the permissibility of interacting with the ruling authority, the Friday prayer, land tax (kharāj), the one-fifth levy (khums), the infallibility of prophets, the inimitability of the Quran, Meccan and Medinan revelations, abrogation, textual corruption of the Quran, variant readings, and occasions of revelation.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. The Holy Qurʾān. [In Arabic]

    1. Ālīt̤abar, Riḍā. (2021). Qābilīyat-hā-ye maʿrifatī va abzārī-ye ʿaql dar towlīd-e dānesh-e dīnī bā taʾkīd bar āyāt-e qurʾānī [The Epistemological and Instrumental Capacities of Reason in Producing Religious Knowledge with Emphasis on Quranic Verses]. Muṭālaʿāt-e Qurʾānī [Quranic Studies], 1(2), 130–150. [in Persian]
    2. ʿAmīd Zanjānī, ʿAbbās ʿAlī. (1994). Mabānī va ravesh-hā-ye tafsīr-e Qurʾān [Foundations and Methods of Quranic Interpretation]. Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. [in Persian]
    3. Aṣadī, Muḥammad. (2010). Garāyish-hā-ye revāyat-meḥvar [Narrative-Oriented Trends]. In Āsīb-shināsī-ye jaryān-hā-ye tafsīrī [Pathology of Exegetical Currents]. Qom: Pajūhishgāh-e Ḥawzah va Dānishgāh. [in Persian]
    4. Ashtiyānī, Sayyid Jalāl al-Dīn. (1999). Gozīdeh-ī az āthār-e ḥukamā-ye elāhī-ye Īrān [Selections from the Works of Iranian Theosophical Scholars]. Qom: Daftar-e Tablīghāt-e Islāmī. [in Persian]
    5. Al-ʿAyyāshī, Muḥammad ibn Masʿūd. (1960). Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī [The Exegesis of al-ʿAyyāshī] (Ḥ. R. Maḥallatī, Ed.). Tehran: Al-Maṭbaʿah al-ʿIlmīyyah. [In Arabic]
    6. Āyazī, Muḥammad ʿAlī. (1994). Sayr-e taṭavvor-e tafsīr-e Shīʿah [The Evolution of Shiite Exegesis]. Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. [in Persian]
    7. Bābāʾī, Aḥmad ʿAlī. (2007). Makātab-e tafsīrī [Exegetical Schools]. Tehran: SAMT – Pajūhishgāh-e Ḥawzah va Dānishgāh. [in Persian]
    8. Al-Baḥrānī, Hāshim ibn Sulaymān. (1995). Al-Burhān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān [The Proof in the Interpretation of the Quran]. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Baʿthah. [In Arabic]
    9. Bar-Asher, Meir. (2020). Qurʾān va advār-e nakhustīn-e tafsīr-e Shīʿī [The Qurʾan and the Early Periods of Shiite Exegesis] (N. Nīlsāz & P. ʿAskarī, Trans.). Tehran: Ḥikmat. [in Persian]
    10. Fahīmī Ṭabār, Ḥusayn Raḍī. (2011). Ijtihād dar tafāsīr-e revāyī-ye Shīʿah [Ijtihād in Shiite Narrative Exegeses]. Tehran: Dānishgāh-e Emām Ṣādiq. [in Persian]
    11. Fāker Meybadī, Muḥammad. (1997). Tafsīr-e revāyī dar qarn-e yāzdahum-e hijrī: rūykard-ī nūsāzī-shodeh [Narrative Exegesis in the 11th Century AH: A Renewed Approach]. Muṭālaʿāt-e Ḥadīth [Hadith Studies], 2(3), 238–262. [in Persian]
    12. Faqīh Īmānī, Muḥammad Riḍā, & Muṣallāʾī-Pūr, Akbar. (2014). Ravesh-e ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabāʾī dar tafsīr al-Bayān dar muqāyiseh bā tafsīr al-Mīzān [ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabāʾī’s Method in Tafsīr al-Bayān Compared to Tafsīr al-Mīzān]. Muṭālaʿāt-e Qurʾān va Ḥadīth [Quranic and Hadith Studies], 47(1), 131–152. https://doi.org/10.22059/JQST.2014.51936 [in Persian]
    13. Farāhānī Munfarid, Mahdī. (1998). Muhājerat-e ʿulamā-ye Shīʿah az Jabal ʿĀmil bih Īrān dar ʿaṣr-e Ṣafavī [Migration of Shiite Scholars from Jabal ʿĀmil to Iran During the Safavid Era]. Tehran: Amīr Kabīr. [in Persian]
    14. Fayḍ, Qāsim. (2011). Taḥlīl-e naẓarīyeh-ye āyāt-e estithnā dar sūrah-hā-ye makkī va madanī [Analysis of the Theory of Exceptional Verses in Meccan and Medinan Surahs]. Muṭālaʿāt-e Tafsīrī [Exegetical Studies], 2(8), 127–152. [in Persian]
    15. Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Mullā Muḥsin. (1995). Al-Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī [The Pure Exegesis] (Ḥ. Aʿlamī, Ed.). Tehran: Maktabat al-Ṣadr. [In Arabic]
    16. Furāt al-Kūfī, Furāt ibn Ibrāhīm. (1990). Tafsīr Furāt al-Kūfī [The Exegesis of Furāt al-Kūfī]. Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. [In Arabic]
    17. Ghaffārzādeh, Aḥmad, & Pīchān, Mahdī. (2024). Taḥlīl-e taṭbīqī-e tafsīr-e Qummī va tafsīr-e Ṣāfī dar masʾaleh-ye āyāt-e mustathniyāt [Comparative Analysis of Tafsīr al-Qummī and Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī on the Issue of Exceptional Verses]. Muṭālaʿāt-e Tafsīrī Taṭbīqī [Comparative Exegetical Studies], 10(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.22091/ptt.2024.10179.2297 [in Persian]
    18. Gleave, Robert. (2016). Hurmānūtīk-i nakhustīn-i Shīʿī: barkhī ravesh-hā-ye tafsīrī mansūb bih aʾimmat-i Shīʿah [Early Shiite Hermeneutics: Some Exegetical Techniques Attributed to the Shiite Imams]. In Tafsīr-e Imāmī dar pazhūheshhā-ye gharbī [Imamite Exegesis in Western Scholarship] (M. Valāyatī, Trans., pp. 257–294). Qom: Dār al-Ḥadīth. [in Persian]
    19. Ḥillī, al-Ḥasan ibn Yūsuf. (2004). Nihāyat al-uṣūl ilā ʿilm al-uṣūl [The Ultimate in Principles of Jurisprudence] (I. Bahādorī, Ed.). Qom: Muʾassasat Emām Ṣādiq. [In Arabic]
    20. Ḥuwayzī, ʿAbd ʿAlī ibn Jumʿah. (1995). Nūr al-thaqalayn [The Light of the Two Weighty Things] (Ḥ. R. Maḥallatī, Ed.). Qom: Ismāʿīlīyān. [In Arabic]
    21. Ibn Bābawayh, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī. (1958). ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā [The Wellsprings of the Reports of al-Riḍā] (M. Lajvardī, Ed.). Tehran: Nashr-e Jahān. [In Arabic]
    22. Ibn Bābawayh, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī. (1978). Al-Tawḥīd [The Divine Oneness]. Qom: Jāmiʿat al-Mudarrisīn. [In Arabic]
    23. Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad. (1988). Dīwān al-mubtadā [The Chronicle of Origins]. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr. [In Arabic]
    24. Ibn Miskawayh, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. (2010). Tajārib al-umam [The Experiences of Nations] (ʿA. Emāmī, Trans.). Tehran: Surūsh. [in Persian]
    25. Istarābādī, Muḥammad Amīn. (2005). Al-Fawāʾid al-madanīyyah [The Medinan Benefits] (Raḥmatollāh Raḥmatī ʿArākī, Ed.). Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute. [In Arabic]
    26. Jabraʾīlī, Muḥammad Ṣādiq. (2010). Sayr-e taṭavvor-e kalām-e Shīʿah [The Evolution of Shiite Theology]. Qom: Muʾassasat-e Farhangī va Andīsheh-ye Islāmī. [in Persian]
    27. Jafarīyān, Rasūl. (2000). Ṣafavīyah dar ʿaraṣeh-ye dīn, farhang va siyāsat [Safavids in the Sphere of Religion, Culture, and Politics]. Qom: Pajūhishgāh-e Ḥawzah va Dānishgāh. [in Persian]
    28. Jamshīdī, Asghar. (2003). Taḥavvol-e tārīkhī-e tafsīr-e revāyī-ye Shīʿah [Historical Development of Shiite Narrative Exegesis]. Majallah-ye Maʿrifat [Maʿrifat Journal], 12(70), 86–97. [in Persian]
    29. Karīmīniyā, Muḥsin. (2006). Qirāʾāt yā taḥrīf-e Qurʾān: nigāh-ī bih revāyāt-e Shīʿī dar tafsīr al-Tibyān [Variant Readings or Distortion of the Quran: A Look at Shiite Traditions in Tafsīr al-Tibyān]. Muṭālaʿāt-e Ḥadīth [Hadith Studies], 11(2), 3–21. [in Persian]
    30. Karīmīniyā, Muḥsin. (2011). Chahār ulgū-ye tafsīrī-ye Shīʿī: darāmad-ī bar tārīkh-e tafsīr-e Shīʿī-ye Qurʾān [Four Shiite Interpretive Paradigms: An Introduction to the History of Shiite Exegesis of the Quran]. Journal of Historical Studies of the Quran and Hadith, 50 (2), 172–196. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.17358701.1390.17.50.7.6 [in Persian]
    31. Karīmīniyā, Muḥsin. (2013). Khāstgāh-e naẓarīyeh-ye iʿjāz-e Qurʾān va abʿād-e ān dar sadah-hā-ye nakhust [Origins of the Theory of the Inimitability of the Quran and its Aspects in the Early Centuries]. Muṭālaʿāt-e Qurʾān va Ḥadīth [Quranic and Hadith Studies], 46(1), 113–144. https://doi.org/10.22059/JQST.2013.35014 [in Persian]
    32. Kalbāsī, Zahrā, & Aḥmadnejād, ʿAlī. (2014). Naqd-e dīdgāh-e mufassirān-e muʿāṣir darbāreh-ye taʿāmol-e payāmbar bā ahl al-kitāb dar Makkah [Critique of Contemporary Exegetes’ Views on the Prophet’s Interaction with the People of the Book in Mecca]. Muṭālaʿāt-e Qurʾān va Ḥadīth [Quranic and Hadith Studies], 47(2), 175–201. https://doi.org/10.22059/JQST.2014.54275 [in Persian]
    33. Khāliqī, ʿAlī. (2013). Taḥlīl-e andīsheh-ye siyāsī-ye Shīʿah dar ʿaṣr-e Īlkhānī [Analysis of Shiite Political Thought in the Ilkhanid Era]. Siyāsat-e Mutʿālīyah [Transcendent Politics], 1(3), 99–120. [in Persian]
    34. Al-Khuʾī, Abū al-Qāsim ibn ʿAlī Akbar. (1983). Al-Bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān [The Exposition in the Interpretation of the Quran]. Beirut: Dār al-Zahrāʾ. [In Arabic]
    35. Al-Khwānsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir. (2011). Rawḍāt al-jannāt [The Gardens of Paradise]. Qom: Ismāʿīlīyān. [In Arabic]
    36. Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muḥammad Taqī. (1983). Biḥār al-anwār [Seas of Lights]. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī. [In Arabic]
    37. Maʿrifat, Muḥammad Hādī. (2000). Al-Tafsīr wa al-mufassirūn [Exegesis and Exegetes] (ʿA. Khayyāṭ & ʿA. Naṣīrī, Trans.). Qom: Tamhīd Publications. [in Persian]
    38. Mīr Lawḥī, Muḥammad, & Shāṭirī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. (2018). Taḥavvolāt-e tafsīr-e Qurʾān dar Islām-e Shīʿī dar dawrān-e Ṣafavīyah [Developments in Quranic Exegesis in Shiite Islam During the Safavid Era]. Muṭālaʿāt-e Shīʿah-shināsī [Shiite Studies], 4(14), 105–127. [in Persian]
    39. Muḍarrisī Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Ḥusayn. (1983). Arḍ dar fiqh-e Islāmī [Land in Islamic Jurisprudence]. Tehran: Islamic Culture Publishing Office. [in Persian]
    40. Muḍarrisī Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Ḥusayn. (2001). Munāqashāt-e dīrīneh darbāreh-ye taḥrīf-e Qurʾān [Ancient Disputes Over Quranic Distortion] (M. K. Raḥmatī, Trans.). Haft Āsmān [Haft Asman], 3(11), 41–78. [in Persian]
    41. Al-Najāshī, Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī. (1986). Rijāl [Biographical Dictionary]. Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute. [In Arabic]
    42. Nashshār, ʿAlī Sāmī. (2008). Nashʾat al-fikr al-falsafī fī al-Islām [The Emergence of Philosophical Thought in Islam]. Cairo: Dār al-Salām. [In Arabic]
    43. Nīlsāz, Nosrat, & Jalīliyān, Suhaylā. (2015). ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabāʾī va tafsīr al-Bayān fī al-muwāfaqah bayn al-ḥadīth wa al-Qurʾān [ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabāʾī and Tafsīr al-Bayān fī al-Muwāfaqa bayn al-Ḥadīth wa al-Qurʾān]. Andīsheh-ye ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabāʾī [ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabāʾī Thought], 2(3), 53–84. https://doi.org/10.22054/TAT.2018.9506.16 [in Persian]
    44. Ūstādī, Riḍā. (2015). Kitāb-shināsī-ye ʿadam-e taḥrīf-e Qurʾān [Bibliography on the Non-Distortion of the Quran]. Āyīneh-ye Pazhūhesh [Ayeneh-ye Pazhuhesh], 26(2), 77–106. [in Persian]
    45. ʿŪvīsī, Karīm, & Muʿaddab, Riḍā. (2018). Kārbord-hā-ye tafsīr-e ʿaqlī bā taʾkīd bar qalamraw-e ān [Applications of Rational Exegesis with Emphasis on its Scope]. ʿAql va Dīn [Reason and Religion], 10(2), 89–110. [in Persian]
    46. Pākatchī, Aḥmad. (2001). Imāmīyah [Imamiyyah]. In Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-e Buzurg-e Islāmī [The Great Islamic Encyclopedia]. Tehran: Markaz-e Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-e Buzurg-e Islāmī. [in Persian]
    47. Pārsā, Fāṭimah. (2014). Tafāsīr-e Shīʿah va dagardīsī-hā-ye tārīkhī dar Īrān [Shiite Exegeses and Historical Transformations in Iran]. Tehran: Pajūhishgāh-e ʿUlūm-e Insānī va Muṭālaʿāt-e Farhangī. [in Persian]
    48. Pīchān, Mahdī. (2025). Hurmānūtīk-e tafāsīr-e revāyī-ye Shīʿah [Hermeneutics of Shiite Narrative Exegeses]. Tehran: Anjoman-e Muṭālaʿāt-e Qurʾānī va Farhang-e Islāmī. [in Persian]
    49. Pīchān, Mahdī, & Nīlsāz, Nosrat. (2022). Pīsh va pas az Guldhītshir: taḥlīl-ī bar muṭālaʿāt-e tafsīrī [Before and After Goldziher: An Analysis of Exegetical Studies]. Āyīneh-ye Pazhūhesh [Ayeneh-ye Pazhuhesh], 33(3), 69–87. https://doi.org/10.22081/JAP.2022.74026 [in Persian]
    50. Pīchān, Mahdī, & Nīlsāz, Nosrat. (2024). Taḥlīl-e taṭbīqī-ye mufassirān-e revāyī-ye Shīʿah darbāreh-ye naskh-e āyāt-e ṣulḥ bā āyāt-e qitāl [Comparative Analysis of Shiite Narrative Exegetes on Abrogation of Verses of Peace by Verses of Combat]. Muṭālaʿāt-e Taṭbīqī-e Qurʾān [Comparative Quranic Studies], 9 (17), 56–77. https://doi.org/10.22034/csq.2024.435668.1387 [in Persian]
    51. Pīchān, Mahdī, Nīlsāz, Nosrat, & Pārsā, Fāṭimah. (2023). Baztab-e sharāyiṭ-e zāmineh-ī dar tafsīr-e revāyī-ye Shīʿah: muṭālaʿeh-ye mūredī namāz-e jumʿah [Reflection of Contextual Conditions in Shiite Narrative Exegesis: Case Study of Friday Prayer]. Muṭāleʿāt-e Tārīkhī-e Qurʾān va Ḥadīth [Historical Studies of Quran and Hadith], 29(75), 76–96. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.17358701.1402.29.75.5.8 [in Persian]
    52. Qubādī, Muḥammad. (2010). Tafsīr-e Furāt-e Kūfī [Tafsīr Furāt al-Kūfī]. Faṣlnāmah-ye Isrāʾ [Isra Quarterly], 2(4), 127–152. [in Persian]
    53. Al-Qummī, ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm. (1984). Tafsīr al-Qummī [The Exegesis of al-Qummī] (Ṭ. Mūsawī Jazāʾirī, Ed.). Qom: Dār al-Kitāb. [In Arabic]
    54. Rafīʿī, ʿAlī. (2003). Andīsheh-ye siyāsī-ye musalmānān [Muslim Political Thought]. Tehran: Nashr-e Yāqūt. [in Persian]
    55. Reḍāʾī Iṣfahānī, Muḥammad ʿAlī. (2003). Darsnāmah-ye ravesh-hā va garāyish-hā-ye tafsīrī-ye Qurʾān [Textbook of Quranic Exegetical Methods and Approaches]. Qom: Markaz-e Jahānī-ye ʿUlūm-e Islāmī. [in Persian]
    56. Rustamī, ʿAlī Akbar. (2001). Āsīb-shināsī va ravesh-shināsī-ye tafsīr-e aʾimmah [Pathology and Methodology of the Imams’ Exegesis]. [n.p.]: Kitāb-e Mubīn. [in Persian]
    57. Ṣāʾīdī Rushan, Muḥammad Bāqir. (2010). Manṭiq-e tafsīr-e Qurʾān [Logic of Quranic Interpretation]. In Āsīb-shināsī-ye jaryān-hā-ye tafsīrī [Pathology of Exegetical Currents]. Qom: Pajūhishgāh-e Ḥawzah va Dānishgāh. [in Persian]
    58. Ṣafātgul, Manṣūr. (2002). Sākhtār-e nahād-e dīn va andīsheh-ye dīnī dar Īrān-e ʿaṣr-e Ṣafavī [The Structure of Religious Institutions and Thought in Safavid Iran]. Tehran: Rasā. [in Persian]
    59. Surūsh, Muḥammad. (1996). Muḥaqqiq-e Ardabīlī va masʾaleh-ye ḥukūmat dar ʿaṣr-e ghaybat [Muḥaqqiq Ardabīlī and the Issue of Governance in the Occultation Era]. In Majmūʿah-ye maqālāt-e Kungrih-ye Muḥaqqiq-e Ardabīlī [Proceedings of the Congress of Muḥaqqiq Ardabīlī]. Qom: Dabīrkhāneh-ye Kungrih. [in Persian]
    60. Al-Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Abī Bakr. (2016). Al-Itqān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān [The Perfection in the Sciences of the Quran] (M. H. Qazvīnī, Trans.). Tehran: Amīr Kabīr. [in Persian]
    61. Ṭabarsī, Faḍl ibn Ḥasan. (1993). Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān [Compendium of Elucidation in the Interpretation of the Quran]. Tehran: Nashr-e Nāṣir Khosrow. [In Arabic]
    62. Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. (n.d.). Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān [The Balance in the Interpretation of the Quran]. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Aʿlamī. [In Arabic]
    63. Ṭihrānī, Āghā Buzurg. (1988). Al-Dharīʿah ilā taṣānīf al-Shīʿah [The Means to Shiite Writings]. Qom & Tehran: Ismāʿīlīyān & Kitābkhāneh-ye Islāmī. [In Arabic]
    64. Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. (n.d.). Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān [The Clarification in the Interpretation of the Quran] (Qāṣir ʿĀmilī, Ed.). Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī. [In Arabic]
    65. Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. (2000). Al-Fihrist [The Catalogue]. Qom: Maktabat al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī. [In Arabic]
    66. ʿAlavī Mehr, Ḥusayn. (2002). Ravesh-hā va garāyish-hā-ye tafsīrī [Exegetical Methods and Approaches]. Qom: Uswah. [in Persian]
    67. Valavī, ʿAlī Muḥammad. (1988). Tārīkh-e kalām va firaq-e Islāmī [History of Islamic Theology and Sects]. Tehran: Muʾassasat al-Baʿthah. [in Persian]
    68. Varhrām, Gholām-ʿAlī. (2006). Niẓām-e siyāsī va sāzmānhā-ye ejtemāʿī-e Īrān dar ʿahd-e Qājār [Political System and Social Institutions in Iran during the Qajar Era]. Tehran: Muʾīn. [in Persian]
Quranic Doctrines
Volume 22, Issue 42 - Serial Number 42
December 2025
Pages 223-258

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 08 April 2025
  • Revise Date: 29 May 2025
  • Accept Date: 09 June 2025
  • Publish Date: 22 December 2025

Share

How to cite

Statistics